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數控銑刀的種類及作用

數控機床立車刀的規范使用的:

1.立銑刀的裝夾

   加(jia)工(gong)(gong)中心用立(li)(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)大多采用彈簧夾(jia)(jia)(jia)套裝夾(jia)(jia)(jia)方式,使(shi)用時(shi)處于(yu)懸臂狀態(tai)。在(zai)(zai)銑(xian)削加(jia)工(gong)(gong)過程(cheng)中,有時(shi)可能出現立(li)(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)從刀(dao)(dao)(dao)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)中逐漸伸出,甚至完全掉落(luo),致(zhi)使(shi)工(gong)(gong)件報廢(fei)的現象,其原因一般是因為刀(dao)(dao)(dao)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)內(nei)孔(kong)與(yu)立(li)(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)外徑之間存在(zai)(zai)油膜,造成夾(jia)(jia)(jia)緊(jin)(jin)力不足(zu)所(suo)致(zhi)。立(li)(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)出廠時(shi)通常都涂(tu)有防銹油,如(ru)果切(qie)削時(shi)使(shi)用非水溶(rong)性(xing)切(qie)削油,刀(dao)(dao)(dao)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)內(nei)孔(kong)也會(hui)附著一層霧狀油膜,當刀(dao)(dao)(dao)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)和刀(dao)(dao)(dao)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)上都存在(zai)(zai)油膜時(shi),刀(dao)(dao)(dao)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)很難牢固夾(jia)(jia)(jia)緊(jin)(jin)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)柄(bing)(bing)(bing),在(zai)(zai)加(jia)工(gong)(gong)中立(li)(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)就容易(yi)松動掉落(luo)。所(suo)以在(zai)(zai)立(li)(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)裝夾(jia)(jia)(jia)前,應先將立(li)(li)銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)柄(bing)(bing)(bing)部和刀(dao)(dao)(dao)夾(jia)(jia)(jia)內(nei)孔(kong)用清洗液清洗干凈,擦(ca)干后再進行裝夾(jia)(jia)(jia)。

   當立銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)的直徑較大時,即使刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)柄和刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)夾(jia)都(dou)很清(qing)潔,還是(shi)可能發生掉刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)事故,這時應選用帶削平缺口(kou)的刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)柄和相應的側面鎖緊方式(shi)。端銑(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)(dao)

立鏜刀片夾緊后有可能冒出的另外的問題是加工工藝保持中立鏜刀片在刀夾接口處掰斷,其問題正常是正因為刀夾運行時過大,刀夾接口部已損耗成錐型引起,于此應調整新的刀夾。

2.立銑刀的振動

   由(you)于立銑刀(dao)與刀(dao)夾之間(jian)存(cun)在(zai)微小間(jian)隙(xi),所(suo)以在(zai)加工(gong)過程中(zhong)刀(dao)具(ju)有(you)可(ke)能出現振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)現象。振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)會使(shi)立銑刀(dao)圓(yuan)周刃(ren)的(de)(de)(de)吃刀(dao)量不均勻,且切(qie)擴量比原定值增大,影響加工(gong)精度(du)和刀(dao)具(ju)使(shi)用壽命。但當加工(gong)出的(de)(de)(de)溝(gou)槽寬度(du)偏小時(shi),也可(ke)以有(you)目的(de)(de)(de)地(di)使(shi)刀(dao)具(ju)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong),通過增大切(qie)擴量來獲得所(suo)需槽寬,但這種情況下(xia)應將立銑刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)最大振(zhen)(zhen)幅限制在(zai)0.02mm以下(xia),否則無法(fa)進行穩定的(de)(de)(de)切(qie)削。在(zai)正常加工(gong)中(zhong)立銑刀(dao)的(de)(de)(de)振(zhen)(zhen)動(dong)越小越好。

 當出現(xian)刀(dao)具振(zhen)動(dong)時,應(ying)考慮(lv)降低切削(xue)速(su)度和進給速(su)度,如兩者都(dou)已(yi)降低40%后仍存在(zai)較(jiao)大(da)振(zhen)動(dong),則應(ying)考慮(lv)減(jian)小吃刀(dao)量。

 如加工系統(tong)(tong)出現共振,其(qi)原因(yin)可能是(shi)切(qie)削速度(du)過大(da)、進給速度(du)偏小、刀具系統(tong)(tong)剛(gang)性不足、工件裝夾(jia)力不夠以及工件形狀或(huo)工件裝夾(jia)方(fang)法等(deng)因(yin)素所致,此時應采取調整切(qie)削用量、增加刀具系統(tong)(tong)剛(gang)度(du)、提高進給速度(du)等(deng)措(cuo)施。

3.立(li)銑刀的(de)端刃(ren)切(qie)削(xue)

  在(zai)模具(ju)等工(gong)件(jian)型(xing)(xing)腔(qiang)的(de)(de)數控銑(xian)(xian)削(xue)加(jia)工(gong)中,當被切削(xue)點為下凹部(bu)分(fen)或深(shen)腔(qiang)時(shi)(shi),需(xu)加(jia)長立(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)伸出量。如果使用(yong)長刃型(xing)(xing)立(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),由于刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)的(de)(de)撓度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da),易(yi)產(chan)生(sheng)振動(dong)并導致刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)折損。因此在(zai)加(jia)工(gong)過程中,如果只需(xu)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)端部(bu)附近的(de)(de)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)刃參加(jia)切削(xue),則最(zui)好(hao)選用(yong)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)總長度(du)較(jiao)(jiao)長的(de)(de)短刃長柄(bing)型(xing)(xing)立(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)。在(zai)臥式數控機(ji)床上使用(yong)大(da)(da)直徑立(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)加(jia)工(gong)工(gong)件(jian)時(shi)(shi),由于刀(dao)(dao)(dao)具(ju)自重所產(chan)生(sheng)的(de)(de)變形較(jiao)(jiao)大(da)(da),更(geng)應十分(fen)注意端刃切削(xue)容易(yi)出現的(de)(de)問題。在(zai)必(bi)須使用(yong)長刃型(xing)(xing)立(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)的(de)(de)情況(kuang)下,則需(xu)大(da)(da)幅度(du)降低切削(xue)速度(du)和進給速度(du)。端車刀(dao)(dao)(dao)

4.切削參數的選用

  切削速度(du)的(de)選擇主要(yao)取決于(yu)被加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件的(de)材質(zhi);進(jin)給速度(du)的(de)選擇主要(yao)取決于(yu)被加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件的(de)材質(zhi)及(ji)立銑刀的(de)直(zhi)徑。國外一(yi)些刀具(ju)生產廠家的(de)刀具(ju)樣本附有刀具(ju)切削參(can)數選用表(biao),可供參(can)考。但(dan)切削參(can)數的(de)選用同時(shi)又受(shou)機床、刀具(ju)系統、被加工(gong)(gong)工(gong)(gong)件形狀以及(ji)裝夾方式等多方面因素的(de)影響,應根據實際情(qing)況適(shi)當調整切削速度(du)和進(jin)給速度(du)。

  當(dang)以刀具(ju)壽命為優先考慮因素時,可(ke)(ke)適(shi)當(dang)降低(di)切削速度和進給速度;當(dang)切屑的離刃狀(zhuang)況不好時,則可(ke)(ke)適(shi)當(dang)增大(da)切削速度。

5.切削方式的選擇

  采(cai)(cai)用順銑有利于防(fang)止刀刃(ren)損(sun)壞,可(ke)提高刀具壽(shou)命。但(dan)有兩點(dian)需(xu)要注意:①如采(cai)(cai)用普通機床加(jia)工(gong)(gong),應設法(fa)消除進(jin)給機構的(de)間隙;②當工(gong)(gong)件表面殘留(liu)有鑄(zhu)、鍛(duan)工(gong)(gong)藝形成的(de)氧化膜或其(qi)它硬(ying)化層時,宜(yi)采(cai)(cai)用逆銑。

6.硬(ying)質合金立(li)銑(xian)刀的(de)使用

  高速(su)鋼立銑(xian)刀(dao)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)范(fan)圍和使(shi)用(yong)要(yao)(yao)求較為寬泛,即使(shi)切(qie)削(xue)條件(jian)的(de)選擇略有不當,也不至出(chu)現太(tai)大(da)問題。而硬(ying)質合(he)金立銑(xian)刀(dao)雖然在高速(su)切(qie)削(xue)時(shi)具(ju)有很好的(de)耐磨(mo)性,但它的(de)使(shi)用(yong)范(fan)圍不及高速(su)鋼立銑(xian)刀(dao)廣(guang)泛,且切(qie)削(xue)條件(jian)必須嚴格符合(he)刀(dao)具(ju)的(de)使(shi)用(yong)要(yao)(yao)求。  端鏜刀(dao)

 銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)削(xue)刀(dao)具的(de)種類主要包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)立銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)、面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)、平銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)等。典型的(de)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)削(xue)加工包(bao)括(kuo)(kuo)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)平面(mian)、倒(dao)角或銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)邊、銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)輪(lun)廓、銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)槽(cao)、銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)凹腔、銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)鍵(jian)槽(cao)等。

 常(chang)用的幾種立(li)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)設計(ji)型式包括:方(fang)頭雙刃(ren)立(li)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao),可(ke)像(xiang)鉆頭一樣對(dui)工件進行垂直插(cha)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)或側(ce)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)。它們的端齒延伸至銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)中心,因此能進行插(cha)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)加(jia)工。有些三刃(ren)立(li)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)也可(ke)以進行插(cha)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)。雙刃(ren)和(he)三刃(ren)立(li)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)都適合(he)加(jia)工有色金屬(shu)。球頭雙刃(ren)立(li)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)可(ke)用于銑(xian)(xian)(xian)削加(jia)工圓(yuan)底槽或圓(yuan)弧形邊(bian)緣。端銑(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)(dao)片

與雙刃立合金立合金銑刀片盤對比,方頭四刃精處理立合金立合金銑刀片盤銑削更市場平穩,并能更長耗時地保證劍刃削鐵如泥度,但它不可參與插銑。這個合金立合金銑刀片盤最符合應用在銑削灰黑色廢復合。與四刃精處理立合金立合金銑刀片盤對比,四刃粗處理立合金立合金銑刀片盤能以更小的數控車床最大功率、車刀變彎和噪聲快點地腫瘤切除廢復合,還其斷屑器能有更貓瘟、可調性更強的切屑。立銑刀片的旋轉形刀槽能減輕處理顫振。在處理中,旋轉槽的一或許多點時常與鋼件維持學習,并間斷性鉆削金屬制材料,而使磨床背負間斷性供電量,而并不像用直槽彈簧處理時如果,彈簧每天與鋼件著手學習和離開學習中會引起波動供電量。即使生產旋轉槽彈簧比生產直槽彈簧更很復雜,投入也更加高,但處理顫振的減輕和處理面上光滑度的增長使其物有了值。

整體式立(li)(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀有各種常用(yong)的(de)(de)類型(xing)和規格。它(ta)們可分為(wei)右切刀和左(zuo)切刀。當必(bi)須改(gai)變切削力的(de)(de)方向,以避免(mian)對工件施壓時(shi),需要使用(yong)左(zuo)切立(li)(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀。此(ci)外,立(li)(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀的(de)(de)刀槽長(chang)度(du)各不相同,包括短槽、普通(tong)槽、長(chang)槽和加長(chang)槽。立(li)(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀還可以采用(yong)錐(zhui)(zhui)形,通(tong)常每邊的(de)(de)錐(zhui)(zhui)度(du)為(wei)0.5°、1°、1.5°、2°、3°、5°、7°、10°、15°、20°和25°。在模(mo)(mo)(mo)具加工中(zhong),為(wei)了提供便于(yu)模(mo)(mo)(mo)壓制品脫模(mo)(mo)(mo)的(de)(de)拔模(mo)(mo)(mo)斜(xie)度(du)(錐(zhui)(zhui)度(du)),這些錐(zhui)(zhui)形立(li)(li)銑(xian)(xian)刀特別有用(yong)。

套式(shi)立銑(xian)刀可(ke)利用端刃(ren)和側刃(ren)同時進行切(qie)削(xue)(xue),以提供良好的加(jia)工表面光潔度(du)。常用的銑(xian)刀直徑范圍為2-25mm,切(qie)槽深度(du)為1-20mm。由(you)于功率和剛(gang)性的限(xian)制,立式(shi)升降臺銑(xian)床(chuang)僅限(xian)于使用尺寸較(jiao)小的套式(shi)銑(xian)刀。直徑較(jiao)大的套式(shi)銑(xian)刀可(ke)用于鋁和塑料的銑(xian)削(xue)(xue)加(jia)工。

面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)用(yong)于加工(gong)較大(da)的(de)平面(mian),以(yi)及(ji)(ji)迅(xun)速去除大(da)量金屬材(cai)料。機(ji)(ji)夾刀(dao)片(pian)式面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)的(de)直徑范(fan)圍通常為30-200mm。在立式升降臺銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)上進(jin)行(xing)加工(gong)時,由于機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)結構剛性(xing)不(bu)足(zu),以(yi)及(ji)(ji)由此(ci)引起的(de)顫(zhan)振,使(shi)(shi)此(ci)類機(ji)(ji)床(chuang)僅限于使(shi)(shi)用(yong)小(xiao)直徑面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)。面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)更適合用(yong)于大(da)型單(dan)柱(單(dan)臂)銑(xian)(xian)床(chuang)。當對(dui)較軟的(de)材(cai)料(如鋁和塑料)進(jin)行(xing)面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)加工(gong)時,可以(yi)使(shi)(shi)用(yong)較大(da)直徑的(de)面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)刀(dao)而不(bu)會(hui)發生顫(zhan)振。

平(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)用(yong)(yong)于臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)加工(gong)中心,安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)在(zai)(zai)兩端支承(cheng)的芯(xin)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)使(shi)用(yong)(yong)。臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)端面(mian)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床可(ke)提供(gong)使(shi)平(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)能充分發揮(hui)高金屬去(qu)除率優勢所需的功率和(he)剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)。不(bu)過(guo),通(tong)過(guo)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)削(xue)(xue)附(fu)件(jian),在(zai)(zai)立式(shi)(shi)(shi)升降臺銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床上(shang)(shang)也可(ke)以使(shi)用(yong)(yong)平(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)進(jin)行銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)削(xue)(xue)加工(gong)。盡管因為剛(gang)性(xing)(xing)和(he)顫振的問(wen)題,在(zai)(zai)立式(shi)(shi)(shi)升降臺銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床上(shang)(shang)必須采用(yong)(yong)比(bi)在(zai)(zai)臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床上(shang)(shang)更小的切(qie)削(xue)(xue)參(can)數(shu),但(dan)這(zhe)種附(fu)件(jian)仍然非常(chang)(chang)有用(yong)(yong)。在(zai)(zai)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)了臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)削(xue)(xue)附(fu)件(jian)的立式(shi)(shi)(shi)升降臺銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床上(shang)(shang),與(yu)其它銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)相比(bi),平(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)具有更高的金屬去(qu)除率。在(zai)(zai)缺少臥(wo)式(shi)(shi)(shi)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床的情況下,在(zai)(zai)同一根芯(xin)軸(zhou)上(shang)(shang)安(an)(an)裝(zhuang)幾把銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)同時(shi)進(jin)行加工(gong)是一種最(zui)佳方式(shi)(shi)(shi)。平(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)通(tong)常(chang)(chang)要比(bi)工(gong)件(jian)寬,能對(dui)工(gong)件(jian)的整個(ge)截面(mian)進(jin)行銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)削(xue)(xue)。端銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)片

側(ce)刃平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)與(yu)平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)結構類似,但它(ta)們還(huan)可以用側(ce)面的刀(dao)(dao)刃進行切削。側(ce)刃平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)還(huan)能(neng)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)槽、切斷重金屬棒料、平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)整表面和將材(cai)料切成條狀。它(ta)們可以安(an)裝在一端支承的R8刀(dao)(dao)柄上進行加工(gong),但最好在剛(gang)性(xing)更高(gao)的臥(wo)式銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床或立式升降臺(tai)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)床的臥(wo)式銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)削附件上使(shi)用。像平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)一樣,側(ce)刃平(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)(ping)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)也能(neng)與(yu)其它(ta)銑(xian)(xian)(xian)(xian)刀(dao)(dao)安(an)裝在一起同(tong)時進行多刀(dao)(dao)切削。

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